Pediatric keratoconus epidemiology: a systematic scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric keratoconus (pediatric KC) causes progressive deformation of the cornea in children and adolescents, leading to a gradual loss of vision and a need for rehabilitation. However, new treatments may halt the disease and prevent worse outcomes that require penetrating keratoplasty and its associated morbidity and high cost, irreversible loss of vision, and amblyopia. Few systematic reviews focus on keratoconus-and even fewer, on pediatric KC. METHODS: Here, we report a systematic scoping review of pediatric KC epidemiology and discuss the studies reporting data on pediatric KC. We used PRISMA-ScR methodology and checklists in the elaboration of the manuscript. The inclusion criteria were: English language; publication between August 7, 1998, and August 7, 2019 (20 years); theme of the study pediatric KC epidemiology. The search strategy: searches of the PubMed-MEDLINE database and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, using eight combinations of the following MeSH terms: keratoconus; child; incidence; prevalence; pediatrics; adolescent; epidemiology. RESULTS: We charted and reviewed the selected articles. Initial searches included 1802 records; after the exclusion of article duplicates, we screened 777 records, read 97 articles in full text, and included 76 articles in this review. CONCLUSIONS: Recent epidemiological studies with better methodologies demonstrated increased prevalence rates in comparison to the older literature. This effect may be due to better diagnostic methods and better sample selection than those in historical studies. Diagnosis remains a major challenge as the early disease is usually asymptomatic. Economic and social aspects of pediatric KC remain understudied in the pediatric literature. Global, inclusive, and proactive screening studies in schools are imperative to better understand the great impact of this disease in the young.

LASIK hipermetrópico pós-DSAEK (Descement Stripping Automated Endotelial Keratoplasty) / LASIK for hyperopia correction pos DSAEK(Descement Stripping Automated Endotelial Keratoplasty)

RESUMO O DSAEK (Descemet stripping automated endotelial Keratoplasty) é um dos procedimentos de escolha para tratamento das doenças que acometem o endotélio corneano. Apesar do sucesso terapêutico, o procedimento pode induzir uma hipermetropia residual. Em média a refração se estabiliza em um perído que varia de 6 a 12 meses após o transplante. O objetivo desse relato é descrever a evolução dessa opção terapêutica utilizada em um paciente de 54 anos portador de Distrofia de Fuchs. O paciente foi submetido ao transplante de córnea (DSAEK) e a remoção do cristalino no mesmo tempo cirúrgico o que resultou em hipermetropia residual. Após 3 anos de acompanhamento apresentava-se com a melhor visão corrigida de 20/20 (Snellen) no olho operado com uma refração de +3,25 -1,00 (5º). Optou-se por realização de LASIK (Laser assisted in situ Keratomileusis) hipermetrópico, obtendo um resultado visual satisfatório.

ABSTRACT DSAEK (Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty) is one of the options for corneal endothelium disease, which in some patients can result in a residual hyperopia after the procedure. Usually 6 to 12 months after corneal transplantation refraction is already stable. This report describes a therapeutic option used in a 54 years old patient with Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy submitted to cataract and corneal transplant that resulted in residual hyperopia, three years after the procedure the best corrected vision was 20/20 with a refraction of +3.25 -1.00 (5 º) treated with Hyperopic - LASIK (Laser-assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) with satisfactory visual result.

Intraocular straylight before and after low myopic photorefractive keratectomy with and without mitomycin C.

PURPOSE: To evaluate ocular straylight before and after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for low myopia with and without topical mitomycin (MMC) treatment. METHODS: Patients who underwent PRK for low myopia were enrolled into the study. PRK without MMC was performed in 21 eyes (12 patients), whereas PRK with topical 0.02% MMC was performed in 25 eyes (14 patients). Both groups were treated using the NIDEK EC5000 excimer laser. Measurements were performed using the C-Quant straylight meter preoperatively and at two and four months postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 30 ± 4 years, and the mean spherical equivalent refractive error was -2.2 ± 0.75 D. The mean preoperative intraocular straylight values were 1.07 ± 0.10 in the PRK without MMC group and 1.07 ± 0.11 log(s) in the PRK with topical MMC group. At two months after surgery, there was a decrease in mean intraocular straylight values in both groups. However, a significant difference was only reached in the PRK with MMC group [0.98 ± 0.09 log(s), p=0.002] compared with preoperative values, which was likely due to a greater scatter of measurements in the PRK without MMC group [1.03 ± 0.13 log(s), p=0.082]. At four months postoperatively, ocular straylight values were not significantly different compared with those at baseline in either the PRK without MMC group [1.02 ± 0.14 log(s), p=0.26] or in the PRK with topical MMC group [1.02 ± 0.11 log(s), p=0.13]. CONCLUSION: PRK for low myopia decreases ocular straylight, and MMC application further reduces straylight in the early postoperative period. However, ocular straylight values do not significantly differ at four months after surgery compared with those at baseline.

Predictors of Early Postoperative Pain After Photorefractive Keratectomy.

PURPOSE: To compare the profiles of postoperative photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) pain between both eyes under the same conditions and to verify the preoperative predictors of pain such as gender, anxiety, knowledge of the procedure, and spherical equivalent refractive error (SERE). METHODS: This prospective study included 86 eyes of 43 patients with myopia who underwent PRK in both eyes at an interval of 14 days between the procedures. Before surgery, subjects answered the State Anxiety Inventory. After surgery, usual PRK pain treatment was given. Subjects answered the Visual Analog Scale, the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and the McGill Pain Questionnaire at 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after surgery. Pain scores and anxiety were compared between each eye using the Wald test and paired Student t test, respectively. The Wald test was performed for gender and SERE for each eye separately. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between both eyes for all time points regarding the Visual Analog Scale, BPI, and McGill Pain Questionnaire-Pain Rating Index pain scores. Subjects were less anxious on average before the second surgery compared with before the first surgery (P < 0.001); however, it was not related to pain ratings after surgery. Gender did not significantly affect any scale of pain, and the SERE between -3 diopters (D) and -5 D (P = 0.035) revealed effects on the BPI. CONCLUSIONS: The profiles of postoperative pain after PRK were similar between both eyes under the same conditions. In this study, a high SERE was the only predictor for increased pain after PRK.

Intraocular straylight before and after low myopic photorefractive keratectomy with and without mitomycin C / Dispersão de luz intraocular antes e depois da ceratectomia fotorrefrativa para baixa miopia com e sem mitomicina C

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate ocular straylight before and after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for low myopia with and without topical mitomycin (MMC) treatment. Methods: Patients who underwent PRK for low myopia were enrolled into the study. PRK without MMC was performed in 21 eyes (12 patients), whereas PRK with topical 0.02% MMC was performed in 25 eyes (14 patients). Both groups were treated using the NIDEK EC5000 excimer laser. Measurements were performed using the C-Quant straylight meter preoperatively and at two and four months postoperatively. Results: The mean patient age was 30 ± 4 years, and the mean spherical equivalent refractive error was -2.2 ± 0.75 D. The mean preoperative intraocular straylight values were 1.07 ± 0.10 in the PRK without MMC group and 1.07 ± 0.11 log(s) in the PRK with topical MMC group. At two months after surgery, there was a decrease in mean intraocular straylight values in both groups. However, a significant difference was only reached in the PRK with MMC group [0.98 ± 0.09 log(s), p=0.002] compared with preoperative values, which was likely due to a greater scatter of measurements in the PRK without MMC group [1.03 ± 0.13 log(s), p=0.082]. At four months postoperatively, ocular straylight values were not significantly different compared with those at baseline in either the PRK without MMC group [1.02 ± 0.14 log(s), p=0.26] or in the PRK with topical MMC group [1.02 ± 0.11 log(s), p=0.13]. Conclusion: PRK for low myopia decreases ocular straylight, and MMC application further reduces straylight in the early postoperative period. However, ocular straylight values do not significantly differ at four months after surgery compared with those at baseline.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a dispersão de luz intraocular antes e depois da ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK) para baixa miopia com e sem a aplicação tópica de mitomicina C. Métodos: Pacientes submetidos à PRK para baixa miopia foram selecionados para o estudo. PRK sem MMC foi realizado em 21 olhos (12 pacientes) e PRK com MMC tópica a 0,02% foi realizado em 25 olhos (25 pacientes). Ambos os grupos foram tratados com o excimer laser da Nidek EC5000. Avaliações foram realizadas usando o medidor de dispersão de luz C-Quant no pré-operatório e com 2 e 4 meses de pós-operatório. Resultados: A média de idade dos pacientes foi 30 ± 4 anos e a média do equivalente esférico foi -2,2 ± 0,75 D. As médias da dispersão de luz intraocular no pré-operatório foram 1,07 ± 0,10 no grupo PRK sem MMC e 1,07 ± 0,11 log(s) no grupo PRK com MMC tópica. Após 2 meses da cirurgia houve uma diminuição na média da dispersão de luz intraocular em ambos os grupos. Entretanto uma diferença estatisticamente significante, comparado com os valores pré-operatórios, foi observada apenas no grupo PRK com MMC (0,98 ± 0,09 log(s), p=0,002), provavelmente devido as medidas com maior espalhamento de luz no grupo sem MMC (1,03 ± 0,13 log(s), p=0,082). Após 4 meses de pós-operatório, os valores de dispersão de luz não apresentavam diferença estatisticamente significantes quando comparados com os valores iniciais, tanto no grupo sem MMC (1,02 ± 0,14 log(s), p=0,26) quanto no grupo com MMC tópica (1,02 ± 0,11 log(s), p=0,13). Conclusão: PRK para baixa miopia diminui a dispersão de luz ocular e a aplicação de MMC contribui para uma ainda menor dispersão de luz no período pós-operatório inicial. Entretanto, quatro meses após a cirurgia a dispersão de luz intraocular não é significantemente diferente das medidas pré-operatórias.

Improved Evaluation of Postoperative Pain After Photorefractive Keratectomy.

PURPOSE: Postoperative pain remains an important limiting factor to the selection of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). There is a consensus in neurology pain research that pain should be evaluated as a multidimensional concept, which differs from current practice in ophthalmology. The purpose of this paper was to validate the use of multidimensional questionnaires, such as the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), to provide an improved analysis of pain after PRK and to better describe its temporal profile. METHODS: This prospective study included 43 eyes of 43 myopic patients who underwent unilateral PRK. After surgery, usual pain treatment was administered. All of the participants responded to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the BPI and the MPQ 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after surgery. The internal consistency was evaluated, different postoperative periods were compared, and convergent validity was assessed using correlation testing. RESULTS: The Cronbach alpha test showed high internal consistency for each of the questionnaire subscales. Patients reported higher postoperative pain values at the first measurement of the VAS (4.93 ± 2.38), MPQ-pain rating index (26.95 ± 10.58), BPI-pain severity index (14.53 ± 7.36), and BPI-pain interference index (22.30 ± 15.13). Almost all of the scales and subscales showed a statistically significant direct correlation with the VAS at all of the evaluation periods. CONCLUSIONS: This study validated the utility of multidimensional questionnaires to expand the assessment of the PRK postoperative pain profile, including intensity and other qualitative aspects.

Crosslinking: an updated and effective insight / Cross-linking: uma visão objetiva e atualizada

The corneal cross-linking has been used in order to reduce and stabilize the progression of ectatic diseases through its effects on the biomechanics of the cornea. Different protocols are being conducted worldwide to expand its indications as well as its use at different ages, different stages of the disease, combinations with other techniques, besides the utilization for non-ectatic diseases. There is still no consensus on the indications of the cross-linking procedure, but the results published in the literature show significant changes in the properties of the corneal tissue. The aim of this study is to review some of these protocols already published and discuss their results, indications and complications.

O cross-linking corneano é utilizado com o objetivo de reduzir e estabilizar a progressão das patologias ectásicas através de seus efeitos na biomecânica da córnea. Diferentes protocolos estão sendo realizados pelo mundo para expandir suas indicações, assim como seu uso em diversas faixas etárias, diferentes estágios da doença, combinações com outras técnicas, além de utilizações para doenças não ectásicas. Não há ainda um consenso nas indicações do procedimento de cross-linking, mas os resultados publicados na literatura evidenciam mudanças significativas nas propriedades do tecido corneano. O objetivo desse estudo é revisar alguns desses protocolos já publicados e discutir seus resultados, indicações e complicações.

Quality of vision in refractive and cataract surgery, indirect measurers: review article / Qualidade visual em cirurgia refrativa e catarata, medidores indiretos: artigo de revisão

Visual acuity is the measurement of an individual's ability to recognize details of an object in a space. Visual function measurements in clinical ophthalmology are limited by factors such as maximum contrast and so it might not adequately reflect the real vision conditions at that moment as well as the subjective aspects of the world perception by the patient. The objective of a successful vision-restoring surgery lies not only in gaining visual acuity lines, but also in vision quality. Therefore, refractive and cataract surgeries have the responsibility of achieving quality results. It is difficult to define quality of vision by a single parameter, and the main functional-vision tests are: contrast sensitivity, disability glare, intraocular stray light and aberrometry. In the current review the different components of the visual function are explained and the several available methods to assess the vision quality are described.

Qualidade Visual é a medida da capacidade individual de reconhecer detalhes de um objeto no espaço. Medições de função visual na clínica oftalmológica são limitadas por vários fatores, tal como máximo contraste e assim podem não refletir adequadamente as condições visuais reais, bem como os aspectos subjetivos da percepção do mundo pelo paciente. O sucesso em uma cirurgia está não apenas em restaurar linhas de visão, mas sim qualidade visual. Portanto, as cirurgias refrativas e de catarata têm a responsabilidade de alcançar resultados de qualidade. É difícil definir qualidade visual por um único parâmetro, sendo os principais testes de função visual: sensibilidade ao contraste; glare; dispersão intraocular da luz e aberrometria. Nesta revisão os diferentes componentes da função visual são explicados e os diversos métodos disponíveis para se avaliar a qualidade de visão são descritos.

Longitudinal measurements of luminance and chromatic contrast sensitivity: comparison between wavefront-guided LASIK and contralateral PRK for myopia.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to compare the postoperative contrast sensitivity functions between wavefront-guided LASIK eyes and their contralateral wavefront-guided PRK eyes. METHODS: The participants were 11 healthy subjects (mean age=32.4 ± 6.2 years) who had myopic astigmatism. The spatial contrast sensitivity functions were measured before and three times after the surgery. Psycho and a Cambridge graphic board (VSG 2/4) were used to measure luminance, red-green, and blue-yellow spatial contrast sensitivity functions (from 0.85 to 13.1 cycles/degree). Longitudinal analysis and comparison between surgeries were performed. RESULTS: There was no significant contrast sensitivity change during the one-year follow-up measurements neither for LASIK nor for PRK eyes. The comparison between procedures showed no differences at 12 months postoperative. CONCLUSIONS: The present data showed similar contrast sensitivities during one-year follow-up of wave-front guided refractive surgeries. Moreover, one year postoperative data showed no differences in the effects of either wavefront-guided LASIK or wavefront-guided PRK on the luminance and chromatic spatial contrast sensitivity functions.

Longitudinal measurements of luminance and chromatic contrast sensitivity: comparison between wavefront-guided LASIK and contralateral PRK for myopia / Medidas longitudinais da sensibilidade ao contraste de luminância e cromático: comparação entre wavefront-LASIK e wavefront-PRK para miopia

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to compare the postoperative contrast sensitivity functions between wavefront-guided LASIK eyes and their contralateral wavefront-guided PRK eyes. METHODS: The participants were 11 healthy subjects (mean age=32.4 ± 6.2 years) who had myopic astigmatism. The spatial contrast sensitivity functions were measured before and three times after the surgery. Psycho and a Cambridge graphic board (VSG 2/4) were used to measure luminance, red-green, and blue-yellow spatial contrast sensitivity functions (from 0.85 to 13.1 cycles/degree). Longitudinal analysis and comparison between surgeries were performed. RESULTS: There was no significant contrast sensitivity change during the one-year follow-up measurements neither for LASIK nor for PRK eyes. The comparison between procedures showed no differences at 12 months postoperative. CONCLUSIONS: The present data showed similar contrast sensitivities during one-year follow-up of wave-front guided refractive surgeries. Moreover, one year postoperative data showed no differences in the effects of either wavefront-guided LASIK or wavefront-guided PRK on the luminance and chromatic spatial contrast sensitivity functions.

OBJETIVO: A proposta do presente estudo é comparar funções de sensibilidade ao contraste obtidas após wavefront-LASIK e wavefront-PRK no olho contralateral. MÉTODOS: Os participantes foram 11 sujeitos saudáveis (idade média=32,4 ± 6,2 anos) com astigmatismo miópico. As funções de sensibilidade ao contraste espacial foram obtidas antes e três vezes após a cirurgia. O programa Psycho e uma placa gráfica da Cambridge Research Systems (VSG 2/4) permitiram gerar os estímulos com contraste espacial de luminância e cromático (verde-vermelho e azul-amarelo) de 0,85 até 13,1 ciclos/grau. Análises longitudinais e comparações entre as cirurgias foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: Não houve mudança significativa da sensibilidade ao contraste durante o primeiro ano após a cirurgia para o olho que recebeu o LASIK ou para o olho que recebeu o PRK. A comparação entre as cirurgias também foi semelhante no pós-operatório de um ano. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados apresentados mostraram sensibilidade ao contraste semelhante durante o primeiro ano após a cirurgia refrativa com o wavefront. Além disso, no pós-operatório de um ano não houve diferença nas funções de sensibilidade ao contraste de luminância e cromático entre os olhos que receberam LASIK e os que receberam PRK.

Epi-LASIK e PRK: um ano de estudo comparativo em olhos contralaterais / Epi-LASIK e PRK: one-year comparative study on contralateral eyes

Objetivo: Comparar as técnicas de PRK e Epi-LASIK com relação à recuperação visual e sintomatologia pós-operatória. Métodos: Série de casos intervencionista que incluiu 38 olhos de 19 pacientes com miopia até 5DE e astigmatismo até 1DC. Foram selecionados pacientes com erros refracionais semelhantes nos dois olhos, realizando-se, no mesmo tempo cirúrgico, PRK em um olho e Epi-LASIK no olho contralateral. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um ano, avaliando-se a eficácia refracional e grau de desconforto pós-operatório. Resultados: Durante as primeiras 12 horas, 79,9% dos pacientes (p=0,0003) referiram dor mais intensa no olho operado com a técnica Epi-LASIK. Após 24 horas, 63,2% dos pacientes (p=0,012) ainda referiam mais dor neste olho e apenas 10,5% no olho contralateral. A acuidade visual não corrigida foi melhor nos olhos do grupo PRK no primeiro dia (p=0,034). Nos demais dias não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Houveopacidade corneana grau 0,5 (Fantes) em três olhos do grupo PRK e em dois no grupo Epi-LASIK. Conclusão: Ambos os grupos apresentaram resultado visual refracional satisfatório, porém o grupo Epi-LASIK apresentou maior desconforto no pós-operatório imediato.

Objective: Compare PRK and Epi-LASIK techniques regarding postoperative visual recovery and symptoms. Methods: Interventional case series study including 38 eyes of 19 patients with myopia up to 5DE and astigmatism up to 1DC. Study included patients with similar refractive errors to be submitted to PRK in one eye and Epi-LASIK in the fellow eye at the same time. Follow-up was 1 year and included refractive error analysis and postoperative discomfort. Results: During the first 12 hours after surgery, 79% (P=0,0003) of patients reported more pain and discomfort in the eye submitted to Epi-LASIK. Twenty-four hours after surgery 63,2% (P=0,012) of patients still referred more pain in the eye submitted to Epi-LASIK and only 10,5% in the contralateral eye. Uncorrected visual acuity was better on the PRK group at the 1th day (p=0.034). No difference was observed at the other postoperative days after surgery. Postoperative corneal haze 0,5 (Fantes) was observed in three eyes of the PRK group and in two days of the Epi-LASIK group. Conclusion: Both groups presented good visual refractive results, but the Epi-LASIK group presented more discomfort immediately after surgery.

Quality of vision in refractive and cataract surgery, indirect measurers: review article.

Visual acuity is the measurement of an individual's ability to recognize details of an object in a space. Visual function measurements in clinical ophthalmology are limited by factors such as maximum contrast and so it might not adequately reflect the real vision conditions at that moment as well as the subjective aspects of the world perception by the patient. The objective of a successful vision-restoring surgery lies not only in gaining visual acuity lines, but also in vision quality. Therefore, refractive and cataract surgeries have the responsibility of achieving quality results. It is difficult to define quality of vision by a single parameter, and the main functional-vision tests are: contrast sensitivity, disability glare, intraocular stray light and aberrometry. In the current review the different components of the visual function are explained and the several available methods to assess the vision quality are described.

Classificação etiopatogênica de olheiras e preenchimento com ácido hialurônico: descrição de uma nova técnica usando cânula / Etiopathogenic classification of infraorbital dark circles and filling with hyaluronic acid: description of a new technique using a cannula

Introdução: O processo de envelhecimento na região infraorbital envolve a perda de volume, mudanças gravitacionais, e alterações de pele. Objetivo: Apresentar a classificação etiopatogênica e tratamento de olheiras causadas por mudanças no contorno da pálpebra inferior. Métodos: Uma nova técnica de preenchimento com ácido hialurónico é apresentada usando cânula romba através de um único orifício. Resultados: A reformulação da classificação das olheiras é útil para a decisão sobre a melhor opção terapêutica. A técnica descrita utilizando cânula com ponta romba se revelou segura e com bons resultados estéticos. Conclusão: O preenchimento com ácido hialurônico empregando esta nova técnica provou ser seguro, em comparação com outras pré-existentes.

Introduction: The aging process in the infraorbital region involves a loss of volume, gravitational and skin changes.Objective: To describe the etiopathogenic classification and treatment of dark circles caused by lower eyelid contour changes.Methods: A new technique of hyaluronic acid filling, using a blunt cannula through a unique orifice is presented.Results: Reformulating the dark circles classification is useful for making the best therapeutic options. The technique's advantages are its safety and good aesthetic results.Conclusion: Filling with hyaluronic acid using this new technique has proven safer than other pre-existing techniques.

Proposal for a new approach to corneal biomechanics: dynamic corneal topography.

PURPOSE: To establish the literature basis that could support the idea that it would be possible to analyze changes at the anterior surface of the cornea induced by an air jet applied onto the eye. METHODS: The PUBMED/MEDLINE literature basis regarding the following subjects was searched: videokeratography, high-speed photography, ocular response analyzer (ORA). The information concerning the goal of this paper was selected. RESULTS: The literature showed data that support the idea of gathering 3 nowadays available technologies that could result in a new concept of 'dynamic corneal topography': the corneal topography, the air jet applied to histeresis measurement by the Ocular Response Analyzer and the high-speed photography technique used to study the tear film and the anterior surface of the cornea. CONCLUSION: The literature basis supports the idea of gathering the existent technologies of corneal topography, the air jet of the corneal histeresis device and the high-speed photography to create a new concept in the analysis of the corneal surface: the dynamic corneal topography.

Proposal for a new approach to corneal biomechanics: dynamic corneal opography / Proposta de uma nova abordagem da biomecânica corneana: topografia dinâmica de córnea

PURPOSE: To establish the literature basis that could support the idea that it would be possible to analyze changes at the anterior surface of the cornea induced by an air jet applied onto the eye. METHODS: The PUBMED/MEDLINE literature basis regarding the following subjects was searched: videokeratography, high-speed photography, ocular response analyzer (ORA). The information concerning the goal of this paper was selected. RESULTS: The literature showed data that support the idea of gathering 3 nowadays available technologies that could result in a new concept of "dynamic corneal topography": the corneal topography, the air jet applied to histeresis measurement by the Ocular Response Analyzer® and the high-speed photography technique used to study the tear film and the anterior surface of the cornea. CONCLUSION: The literature basis supports the idea of gathering the existent technologies of corneal topography, the air jet of the corneal histeresis device and the high-speed photography to create a new concept in the analysis of the corneal surface: the dynamic corneal topography.

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a base de literatura para apoiar a idéia de que seria possível analisar mudanças da superfície anterior da córnea por um jato de ar aplicado sobre o olho. MÉTODOS: Procurou-se na base de literatura PUBMED/MEDLINE os assuntos videoceratografia, fotografia de alta velocidade, analisador de resposta ocular (ORA), selecionando-se informação concernente ao objetivo deste trabalho. RESULTADOS: A literatura mostrou dados que apoiam a ideia de juntar três tecnologias hoje existentes que poderiam resultar num novo conceito de "topografia dinâmica de córnea": a topografia corneana, o jato de ar aplicado sobre o olho na medida da histerese do aparelho de analisador de resposta ocular (ORA) e a técnica de fotografia de alta velocidade usada para estudar o filme lacrimal e a superfície anterior da córnea. CONCLUSÃO: A base de literatura apóia a idéia de juntarem-se as tecnologias hoje disponíveis de topografia corneana, o jato de ar do aparelho de medida de histerese corneana e a fotografia de alta velocidade para se criar um novo conceito na análise da superfície corneana: a topografia dinâmica da córnea.

Topography-guided (NIDEK customized aspheric treatment zone) photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin C after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus: case report.

PURPOSE: To report topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin C (MMC) after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. METHODS: A 34-year-old woman with irregular astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty in the right eye underwent PRK. Topography-guided surface ablation using the customized aspheric treatment zone ablation (CATz) was programmed for a 5.00-mm optical zone and an 8.50-mm transition zone. Mitomycin C was applied to corneal stroma for 20 seconds immediately after excimer laser ablation. RESULTS: Two months after surgery, the patient was very satisfied with the refractive outcome. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 with a manifest refraction of -0.50 diopters. No haze formation was detected at 6-month follow-up. A significant improvement in the central 3 mm of the axial topography was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Topography-guided ablation using MMC may be a reasonable alternative for the management of refractive error after penetrating keratoplasty.

A fibrin-related line of research and theoretical possibilities for the use of fibrin glue as a temporary basal membrane in non-perforated corneal ulcers and in photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)-operated corneas.

PURPOSE: To report a specific line of research developed at the University of São Paulo/Brazil on fibrin glue used for sealing corneal perforations and the perspectives of use on non-perforated corneal ulcers and photorefractive keratectomy-operated corneas. METHODS: To describe fibrin glue manufacture, development of a device to test the glued perforated corneal area resistance, subsequent experimental investigations of the use of the fibrin glue in corneal perforations, reporting its efficacy, mechanical resistance experiments and histological study. Finally, the medical literature basis is searched to propose studies on the use of fibrin as a temporary basal membrane on non-perforated corneal surfaces like non-infectious corneal ulcers and on post-photorefractive keratectomy corneal surfaces. RESULTS: The development of fibrin glue, the device for resistance experiments, the efficacy, resistance and histological studies on fibrin glue used for sealing corneal perforations are reported as well as the scientific literature basis for the proposed studies on the use of fibrin as a temporary basal membrane on non-perforated corneas like non-perforated corneal ulcers and photorefractive keratectomy corneal surfaces. CONCLUSION: A specific line of research was reported on fibrin glue to seal corneal perforations at the University of São Paulo/Brazil and the theoretical perspectives for the use of fibrin in non-perforated corneal ulcers and on photorefractive keratectomy-operated corneas in an attempt to reduce corneal haze.

A fibrin-related line of research and theoretical possibilities for the use of fibrin glue as a temporary basal membrane in non-perforated corneal ulcers and in photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)-operated corneas

PURPOSE: To report a specific line of research developed at the University of São Paulo/Brazil on fibrin glue used for sealing corneal perforations and the perspectives of use on non-perforated corneal ulcers and photorefractive keratectomy-operated corneas. METHODS: To describe fibrin glue manufacture, development of a device to test the glued perforated corneal area resistance, subsequent experimental investigations of the use of the fibrin glue in corneal perforations, reporting its efficacy, mechanical resistance experiments and histological study. Finally, the medical literature basis is searched to propose studies on the use of fibrin as a temporary basal membrane on non-perforated corneal surfaces like non-infectious corneal ulcers and on post-photorefractive keratectomy corneal surfaces. RESULTS: The development of fibrin glue, the device for resistance experiments, the efficacy, resistance and histological studies on fibrin glue used for sealing corneal perforations are reported as well as the scientific literature basis for the proposed studies on the use of fibrin as a temporary basal membrane on non-perforated corneas like non-perforated corneal ulcers and photorefractive keratectomy corneal surfaces. CONCLUSION: A specific line of research was reported on fibrin glue to seal corneal perforations at the University of São Paulo/Brazil and the theoretical perspectives for the use of fibrin in non-perforated corneal ulcers and on photorefractive keratectomy-operated corneas in an attempt to reduce corneal haze.

OBJETIVO: Relatar uma linha de pesquisa desenvolvida no Brasil (Universidade de São Paulo) em cola de fibrina para tamponamento de perfuração corneana e a perspectiva de seu uso em úlceras corneanas não perfuradas e em córneas operadas de ceratectomia fotorrefrativa. MÉTODOS: Relatar a fabricação da cola de fibrina, desenvolvimento de instrumentação para ensaio de resistência da área colada, estudo experimental da eficácia, da resistência e histológico e levantada a literatura médica para embasar proposta de estudo da cola de fibrina como membrana basal provisória sobre superfícies corneanas não perfuradas como úlceras corneanas tróficas e superfícies corneanas operadas de ceratectomia fotorrefrativa. RESULTADOS: O desenvolvimento da cola de fibrina, do equipamento para seu ensaio de resistência, os estudos experimentais de eficácia, resistência e histológico da área corneana colada com fibrina são relatados. É mostrada a base na literatura científica para a proposição de estudos com o uso de fibrina como membrana basal provisória sobre superfícies corneanas não perfuradas como úlceras tróficas e superfícies corneanas pós-ceratectomia fotorrefrativa. CONCLUSÃO: Foi relatada uma linha de pesquisa em cola de fibrina para tamponamento de perfuração corneana no Brasil (Universidade de São Paulo) e suas perspectivas teóricas de uso em úlceras corneanas não perfuradas e sobre córneas operadas de ceratectomia fotorrefrativa com intenção de reduzir "haze".